/* global React, Shape, Peek, Cite, ENT */ const { useState: useStatePr } = React; function ProcedurePage({ peekPattern = "drawer" }) { const [expanded, setExpanded] = useStatePr(2); const [peeked, setPeeked] = useStatePr(null); const open = (e) => setPeeked(e); const close = () => setPeeked(null); const steps = [ { n: "01", title: "Identify a composite structure", content: { recognize: "An expression of the form ∫ f(g(x)) · g′(x) dx, where g(x) appears inside another function and its derivative appears as a factor.", ex: "u = x² appears inside sin(x²); its derivative 2x appears (up to constant) outside." } }, { n: "02", title: "Choose u = g(x) — the inner function", content: { math: "u = x²", prose: "Pick u so that du absorbs as much of the integrand as possible. Hint: pick u to be whatever's inside another function, or whose derivative appears multiplied." } }, { n: "03", title: "Compute du = g′(x) dx", expand: true, content: { math: "du = 2x dx, so x dx = ½ du", prose: "This is the place where du and the original dx must reconcile. If du has a constant you don't have in the integrand, divide both sides by it. If you can't get the integrand to express in u and du alone, the substitution doesn't work — pick a different u.", author: "Authored by Aiyana Two-Crows · 2024-11" } }, { n: "04", title: "Rewrite the integral entirely in u", content: { math: "∫ sin(u) · ½ du = ½ ∫ sin(u) du", prose: "If any x remains, the substitution is incomplete. Go back and rethink u." } }, { n: "05", title: "Integrate with respect to u", content: { math: "= −½ cos(u) + C", prose: "A standard antiderivative table lookup." } }, { n: "06", title: "Substitute back: u → g(x)", content: { math: "= −½ cos(x²) + C", prose: "Always undo the substitution. The answer should be in the original variable." } }, { n: "07", title: "Verify by differentiation", content: { math: "d/dx [−½ cos(x²)] = −½ · (−sin(x²)) · 2x = x sin(x²) ✓", prose: "Differentiate your answer and check it matches the integrand. The chain rule reappears here, which is why this verification works." } }, ]; return (
Use when an integral has the form ∫ f(g(x)) · g′(x) dx — composition with the inner function's derivative present as a multiplicative factor. This is the integral form of the .